Uno degli argomenti particolarmente specifici che riguardano i temi della Cyber Security in ambito marittimo è quello relativo alla raccolta dei dati digitali per le esigenze di analisi forense nei casi di incidenti/attacchi informatici. Nelle risposte ad un evento di natura cibernetica, l’indagine digitale forense rappresenta, infatti, non solo una strategia, ovvero una capacità di raccolta delle informazioni digitali critiche che hanno provocato l’evento massimizzandone il loro uso come prova, ma anche un metodo per la comprensione e la mitigazione di rischi informatici a vantaggio della sicurezza dei traffici marittimi nel loro complesso, dalle navi alle stesse infrastrutture portuali.

L’efficacia di tale capacità dipende, tuttavia, da una adeguata disponibilità, qualità ed affidabilità dei dati digitali raccolti sia sui sistemi digitali che su peculiari info-tecnologie in uso in ambito marittimo, attraverso metodi di rilievo il più possibile accurati, basati anche su professionalità specifiche oltre che su avanzati strumenti tecnologici. A questi si aggiungono poi anche strumenti di ricerca informativa e di intelligence, ovvero di raccolta e validazione di dati raccolti, ad esempio, da fonti aperte, che rappresentano sempre più un valore aggiunto nelle analisi di eventi malevoli di natura informatica.

Lungi quindi dall’essere uno strumento passivo di post-analisi o richiesto per esigenze esclusivamente legali ovvero assicurative, numerosi sono i casi in cui le stesse organizzazioni e istituzioni, in molti ambiti peraltro anche diversi dal settore marittimo, hanno beneficiato della raccolta e dell’utilizzo di prove digitali anche al fine di migliorare la tutela dei dati e in generale la propria sicurezza informatica. Sebbene i metodi e le tecniche forensi oggigiorno utilizzati, soprattutto se riferiti ai sistemi legati alle tecnologie informatiche, siano sempre più evoluti, per le attività conseguenti a incidenti o attacchi cibernetici nel settore marittimo (soprattutto per navi o infrastrutture/impianti portuali), sussistono elementi di criticità. Ciò è dovuto in gran parte a determinate specificità del settore rispetto ad altri e, soprattutto, alle peculiarità delle navi ma anche relative alle tecnologie di controllo remoto ormai sempre più in uso nei terminal portuali in cui vi è un utilizzo sempre più diffuso di sistemi operativi informatizzati e connessi alla rete dove la raccolta dei dati digitali post-evento presenta notevoli difficoltà. Sulla base di quanto detto, appare particolarmente interessante procedere ad uno studio delle questioni fondamentali legate a questo tema. In particolare, l’obiettivo e quello di provare ad esaminare e valutare, per quanto possibile, le capacità forensi in un settore specifico come quello marittimo, fondamentale nel commercio globale, che opera in una combinazione di fattori legati alle innovazioni tecnologiche, informatiche ed operative altamente sensibili, sia per gli aspetti di sicurezza individuale (safety) e legati ad eventi accidentali, che di sicurezza fisica (security) conseguenti ad eventi intenzionali.

Una volta esaminate le caratteristiche e le criticità, in termini di prontezza e capacità per una adeguata raccolta dei dati digitali utili alle indagini forensi marittime, attraverso il confronto anche con altri settori e basando l’analisi sui principali criteri e scenari di valutazione del rischio nonché di esperienze e tentativi già consolidati, il passaggio successivo è cercare di individuare alcuni passaggi ritenuti essenziali per impostare questo genere attività. L’obiettivo finale rimane comunque quello di aumentare, anche con l’indagine forense, il grado di sicurezza informatica marittima a vantaggio di un settore particolarmente essenziale e sempre più strategico.

 

Source: babilonmagazine


The shipping industry continues to be the target of cybercriminals, with South Korea’s HMM becoming the latest major carrier to report an attack on its systems. HMM, however, reports that it has so far been able to limit the scope of the attack to its email servers.

The unidentified security breach was detected on June 12, HMM said in its announcement, and it led to limited access to the carrier’s email outlook system in certain areas. They are reporting that on the fourth day after the virus was discovered that the email system is gradually resuming. HMM is also emphasizing that no information or data leak has been found.

“Except for email, the other system networks and functions are fully operational as usual, attributed to the independent cloud-based system,” reported HMM. “In this context, our e-business platforms, including booking and documentation functionality, are properly running without disruptions.”

 

Source: hstoday


In the wake of the Petya cyber-attack, which disrupted a host of industries around the world, including the shipping sector, Captain Rahul Khanna (RK), Global Head of Marine Risk Consulting, AGCS, Captain Andrew Kinsey (AK), Senior Marine Risk Consultant, AGCS and Emy Donavan (ED), Global Head of Cyber, AGCS discuss the growing threat cyber risk poses to the maritime sector and what companies can do about it.
How much of a threat is cyber risk to the shipping sector? Which parts of the industry are exposed?

AK: The digital era is opening up new possibilities for the maritime industry but its growing reliance on computer and software and increasing interconnectivity within the sector, also makes it highly vulnerable to cyber incidents.  The shore-based offices of shipping companies are often the target of hackers. However, cyber poses a threat to all parts of the shipping sector, as recent examples testify. The risk of an attack or incident occurring is significant but ship-owners are often reluctant to share information for fear of being identified. This is a big problem and there are efforts underway to form an anonymous incident reporting platform.

Other common vulnerabilities include: lack of awareness, ineffective policies and procedures and an undeveloped cyber risk management culture. To date, the vast majority of attacks have been aimed at breaching corporate security, resulting in loss of critical data, financial loss or IT problems, rather than taking control of a vessel itself. In addition to this threat, it is estimated that as many as 80% of offshore security breaches could be the result of human error.

How would you describe the awareness of the shipping industry when it comes to cyber risk?

RK: The good news is that there is a growing awareness about the risk of maritime cyber-attacks. However, the sector as a whole still doesn’t have a  particularly heightened risk awareness. As no major incident involving a vessel has been reported to date, many in the industry remain complacent about the risks involved, with cyber incidents largely regarded as onshore affairs, even though the number of incidents impacting the shipping industry has been increasing in recent years.

A changing geopolitical scenario could transpose cyber risk into a real threat and if cyber risks are not appropriately addressed, it is only a matter of time before the maritime sector suffers a major cyber-attack on a vessel. The potential for a cyber disruption or a cyber-attack could catastrophically impact the safe navigation of a vessel, both in terms of its position and in terms of its stability and cargo operations. Just imagine if hackers were able to take control of a large container ship on a strategically-important route. They could block transits for a long period of time, causing significant economic damage

What should shipping companies do to best mitigate cyber risk. How can they best protect themselves?

AK: There are a growing number of resources available to help mariners learn about common vulnerabilities. Just one example is the internationally-recognized United States Maritime Resource Center, which assists the industry in cyber awareness, safety and security through evidence-based research.

Then there are an increasing number of cyber security guidelines which can be followed. Last year, the United Nations’ global shipping regulator, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), approved interim guidelines on maritime cyber risk management, which provide high level recommendations on cyber security (see below). Meanwhile, guidelines have also been issued by other important organizations such as BIMCO, CLIA, Intercargo and Intertanko.

There are standard practices that can be implemented to reduce cyber risk, such as defining personnel roles and responsibilities for cyber risk management and identifying the systems, assets and data that, when disrupted, pose risks to ship operations. Ship-owners also need to implement risk control processes and contingency planning, developing and implementing activities necessary to quickly detect a cyber event. Identifying measures to back up and restore cyber systems impacted by a cyber event is obviously crucial.

These are challenging times for the shipping industry. Budgets are tight and there is pressure to delay maintenance and reduce crew levels and training. However,  IT security cannot be put on the backburner. It is vital that investment in cyber risk education and security is not neglected at this time, despite economic pressures, as this risk has the potential to have catastrophic consequences, given the right confluence of events.

What role can regulation play?

RK: Earlier this month (June 16) the IMO made the decision to incorporate cyber risk management on a more permanent footing with the adoption of cyber risk management requirements into the International Safety Management Code (ISM Code). Owners will need to comply with this by the start of 2021 and this means that there will now be a lot of impetus on ship-owners to create a concrete cyber risk management plan.  The largely self-regulated tanker industry is expected to take such steps much before 2021. Many companies are looking at employing a cyber risk officer, with part of the role being to carry out regular stress testing.

How does cyber risk insurance work in the maritime sector? What is covered?

ED: Typically, hull policies would exclude coverage against cyber-attack or any loss arising from a malicious act involving the use of a computer system. Shippers would be encouraged to purchase standalone cyber insurance coverage. Most of the risks for shippers would be similar in nature to other non-marine businesses (ransomware, hacker / privacy breach, etc). In general, marine, as well as general liability (GL) and property, policies expressly exclude cyber. We absolutely recommend that shippers, like other businesses, purchase a standalone cyber policy for these types of risks.

Source: agcs

In an age where electronics seemingly control everything, cybersecurity has never been more critical to the marine sector. We depend on electronics for everything from vessel navigation to maintenance, and their proper function is essential to protect crew and vessel safety.

As maritime technology advances, electronic OT — Operational Technology — systems that physically control the ship are being integrated with IT — Information Technology — systems. As vessels update their systems to more advanced, electronically controlled components, they’ll need to increase their vigilance because IT systems can be attacked and controlled by outside parties.

In an attempt to reduce cybersecurity threats, the United States Coast Guard has paired with the Transportation Security Administration to fight potential cyber risks in the shipping industry and prepare mariners with the knowledge to combat them.

In this article, we’ll discuss the types of cybersecurity threats and offer a few best practices to prepare crew members to guard against attacks and misuse. By understanding how and why cyber risks happen, mariners can reduce the chances they’ll occur.

 

Source: mitags


Abstract

Port State Control (PSC) guarantees that foreign ships do not jeopardize marine safety, security, and the environment when entering foreign ports. To share inspection information and improve the efficiency of PSC, countries in the same regions cooperate and follow memoranda of understanding (MoUs). Globally, a total of ten MoUs govern three different inspection regimes designed to select and inspect substandard ships. In this study, we use a super-slacks-based measure (super-SBM) to evaluate and compare the inspection efficiency of the three inspection regimes implemented by these ten MoUs and relies on the Malmquist production index (MPI) to identify the most applicable regimes. Our analyses produce three main conclusions. First, we use the average scores of the super-SBM in the past 11 years to confirm the efficiency rankings of the ten MoUs. Second, we combine the average efficiency scores of the three inspection regimes to show that the New Inspection Regime (NIR) is more economically efficient than other inspection regimes. Third, we use MPI scores to obtain a better understanding of the efficiency changes in MoUs’ productivity over time and confirm that the NIR is more stable than other inspection regimes.

 

Source: sciencedirect


We have recently seen an increase in Port State Control fines on vessels at Ghanaian ports.

Local inspectors are visiting vessels and paying particular attention to discharge of what they say is untreated wastewater and vessel records concerning garbage and oily water separators.

Fines are as high as USD 60,000.00 and vessels are not allowed to sail until payment of the fine is agreed. The Ghanaian Maritime Authority (GMA) are not open to negotiating the fines. It is suggested that Owners check the local requirements closely with their appointed agent before arriving at Ghanaian ports.

If in doubt, it is recommended that nothing is discharged into local waters when at Ghanaian ports and Masters should ensure all waste records are up to date.

 

Source: ukpandi


The port captain of Tarragona detained the ‘Atlantic M’, loaded with 5,700 live animals, for five days after the detection of deficiencies especially regarding the documentation. The ship had arrived in port in the night of Apr 20, 2018, and intended to leave after a few hours with the load of 4,000 lambs and 1,700 calves. After the defiencies were rectified, the ship was allowed to leave on Apr 25 at 11.50 a.m. bound to Al Khums, ETA Apr 28. The animal collective Tarragona Animal Save has denounced that the animals had to endure days of confinement in precarious conditions and has highlighted that crew members of other ships have warned of the strong smell that came off the cargo. The manager of Euromarco, the consignee company that has supervised the operation, denied that the animals have been subjected to degrading conditions during the wait.

 

Source: seanews


The Cayman Islands is a British overseas dependent territory with a population of approximately 65,000 people. The islands are strategically located south of Florida and Cuba, west of Jamaica and north of Panama in the northern Caribbean Sea.

The pillars of the Cayman Islands economy are tourism (both stayover and cruise) and financial services.

The Cayman Islands has a strong maritime heritage. It has a successful shipping registry and a vibrant cruise tourism industry: approximately 1.8 million cruise passengers arrived in the Cayman Islands in 2019. Because more than 97 per cent of everything consumed in the Cayman Islands is imported by sea, it boasts a very successful port operation. Approximately 700,000 tonnes of cargo passed through its main port at George Town, Grand Cayman in 2019, mainly from the United States, Jamaica, Mexico and the Dominican Republic. The Cayman Islands has no significant goods exports.

The Cayman Islands Shipping Registry was established in 1903 and the ports of George Town, Bloody Bay and the Creek, at which ships may be registered in the Cayman Islands, are recognised as British Ports of Registry. Cayman Islands-flagged vessels have full British Consular Services and Royal Naval assistance and protection worldwide. The Cayman Islands Shipping Registry has Category 1 status, which allows it to register vessels of any size and type as long as they meet international standards, and it provides services to commercial ships and private pleasure yachts. As at February 2020, the flag consisted of approximately 2,200 vessels, representing approximately 6 million gross tonnes and comprising approximately 1,800 pleasure yachts and 400 commercial vessels. The Cayman Islands is the registry of choice for superyachts globally.

The Cayman Islands is white-listed in all major international ports (the Port State Control Memoranda of Understanding), which has led to it maintaining its position on the prestigious United States Coast Guard Qualship 21 programme since 2007.2 The Cayman Islands is a top flag on the white lists of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control 1982 (the Paris MOU) and the Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific Region 1994 (the Tokyo MOU) and a leading flag on the International Chamber of Shipping’s annual Flag State Performance Table.

The continued popularity of the Cayman Islands flag can be largely credited to the service provided by the Cayman Islands Shipping Registry and the experience and technical excellence that has become synonymous with the Registry. Further, because of the stable political, social and economic environment in the Cayman Islands, coupled with a legal system based on English law, the Cayman Islands flag is extremely popular with banks and financial institutions.

 

Source:  thelawreviews


The Cayman Islands is a British overseas dependent territory with a population of approximately 65,000 people. The islands are strategically located south of Florida and Cuba, west of Jamaica and north of Panama in the northern Caribbean Sea.

The pillars of the Cayman Islands economy are tourism (both stayover and cruise) and financial services.

The Cayman Islands has a strong maritime heritage. It has a successful shipping registry and a vibrant cruise tourism industry: approximately 1.8 million cruise passengers arrived in the Cayman Islands in 2019. Because more than 97 per cent of everything consumed in the Cayman Islands is imported by sea, it boasts a very successful port operation. Approximately 700,000 tonnes of cargo passed through its main port at George Town, Grand Cayman in 2019, mainly from the United States, Jamaica, Mexico and the Dominican Republic. The Cayman Islands has no significant goods exports.

The Cayman Islands Shipping Registry was established in 1903 and the ports of George Town, Bloody Bay and the Creek, at which ships may be registered in the Cayman Islands, are recognised as British Ports of Registry. Cayman Islands-flagged vessels have full British Consular Services and Royal Naval assistance and protection worldwide. The Cayman Islands Shipping Registry has Category 1 status, which allows it to register vessels of any size and type as long as they meet international standards, and it provides services to commercial ships and private pleasure yachts. As at February 2020, the flag consisted of approximately 2,200 vessels, representing approximately 6 million gross tonnes and comprising approximately 1,800 pleasure yachts and 400 commercial vessels. The Cayman Islands is the registry of choice for superyachts globally.

The Cayman Islands is white-listed in all major international ports (the Port State Control Memoranda of Understanding), which has led to it maintaining its position on the prestigious United States Coast Guard Qualship 21 programme since 2007.2 The Cayman Islands is a top flag on the white lists of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control 1982 (the Paris MOU) and the Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific Region 1994 (the Tokyo MOU) and a leading flag on the International Chamber of Shipping’s annual Flag State Performance Table.

The continued popularity of the Cayman Islands flag can be largely credited to the service provided by the Cayman Islands Shipping Registry and the experience and technical excellence that has become synonymous with the Registry. Further, because of the stable political, social and economic environment in the Cayman Islands, coupled with a legal system based on English law, the Cayman Islands flag is extremely popular with banks and financial institutions.

 

Source: thelawreviews


The legislative framework for shipping is scattered across many different statutes. Key legislation is contained in the Brazilian Federal Constitution, the Brazilian Commercial Code dated 1850 and the Brazilian Civil Code dated 2002, which regulates contracts of carriage.

There are also other uncodified statutes, such as Federal Law 2,180/1954, which regulates the Admiralty Court and its jurisdiction, Decree-Law 116/1967 addressing, inter alia, limitation for cargo claims in shipping disputes, and Federal Law 7,542/1986, which regulates wreck removal.

Federal Law 10,233/2001 created the National Waterway Transportation Agency (ANTAQ), whose mandate includes the regulation of domestic and international waterway carriage of people and goods, offshore platform and port supply navigation, ports and terminals and the exploitation of the federal waterway infrastructure.

Federal Law 9,537/1997 regulates waterway safety in Brazilian territorial waters, Federal Law 9,432/1997 provides the statutory framework regulating waterway transportation, while Federal Law 9,611/1998 regulates multimodal transportation.

The Brazilian Navy, which acts as the national maritime authority, has an active role in shipping matters. It presides on the procedures tried before the Admiralty Court and issues norms, which are mandatory law within Brazilian jurisdictional waters, known as NORMAM.

Brazil is not a signatory to the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading 1924 (the Hague Rules), the 1968 Protocol to amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading (the Hague-Visby Rules), the UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea 1978 (the Hamburg Rules) or the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea 2009 (the Rotterdam Rules). However, Brazil has ratified most of the conventions on marine safety, such as the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGs), the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974 (SOLAS) and the International Convention on Salvage 1989 (the 1989 Salvage Convention). Brazil has also ratified the International Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages 1993.

In practical terms, the statutory framework outlined above is designed to protect and develop the local shipping market.

 

Source: thelawreviews


Company DETAILS

SHIP IP LTD
VAT:BG 202572176
Rakovski STR.145
Sofia,
Bulgaria
Phone ( +359) 24929284
E-mail: sales(at)shipip.com

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED